COLOURIMETRY PARACETAMOL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

COLOURIMETRY PARACETAMOL - Essay Example Colourimetry is a very valuable method in setting up the convergence of substances. This is accomplished by setting up a known focus arrangement of around 4 arrangements, after which their absorbance is resolved after the expansion of shading by a reagent. The absorbance esteems give an alignment bend from which the centralization of an obscure substance is set up. This method is helpful in the assurance of metal particles compounds and organic liquids. Various mechanical and clinical trials report the fruitful utilization of colorimetric methodology in the foundation of the groupings of concoction substances. For instance, the assurance of nutrient E in food, follow measures of platinum in glass, flavonoids in food, and recognition of alpha fetoproteins among numerous different employments. Paracetamol (4-acetamedophenol) is a regularly utilized painkiller that reduces the temperature of fever patients. Its torment lessening impacts are known as pain relieving impacts though its fever decrease activity is known as the antipyretic impact. Various over the counter prescriptions contain paracetamol particularly those implied for the alleviation of colds and influenza. The most widely recognized structure is the 500 mg tablet however different plans, for example, suspensions and suppositories additionally exist. Paracetamol is immediately taken in from the gastrointestinal tract and achieves top plasma focuses in about 60 minutes. The cytochrome P450 framework processes it into N-acetyl-p-benzoquinamine (NAPQI), a poison that is altogether detoxified through conjugation with glutathione and discharged. Paracetamol is a genuinely protected medication. In any case, portions more prominent than 10 grams have been accounted for to cause poisonousness (Bose et al. 2005). This an alysis planned for utilizing colourimetry as a concoction procedure to make an alignment bend of absorbance against fixation for known paracetamol focuses and utilizing it to get the convergence of paracetamol in the example with the obscure fixation. Materials and Method 100 ml of 0.002M paracetamol arrangement was set up by dissolving the correct amount of the medication in 10 ml of sodium chloride arrangement and garnish up to 100 ml. This was the stock answer for the investigation. 1.0 ml of 6M HCl and 2 ml of 10% sodium nitrite were added to every one of the seven named test tubes. Paracetamol and water were then added to the cylinders in foreordained amounts after which the cylinders were deliberately blended and permitted to rest for around 2 minutes. 2 ml of 15% sodium sulphamate were painstakingly added to the test tubes followed by 2.5 ml of 25% sodium hydroxide. The cylinders were shaken for 15 seconds and permitted to represent 2 minutes. This permitted all the air pocke ts to scatter. The absorbance of the substance of cylinders 2 to 7 was then perused at a frequency of 430 nanometers utilizing tube 1 as the clear. The estimations of absorbance were recorded for every convergence of paracetamol. An alignment diagram of absorbance against fixation (mol/L) was then plotted and used to estimated the focus

Sodium Essay Example For Students

Sodium Essay Sodium, a shimmering white-metallic component ordered under the soluble base metals, has a nuclear number of 11 and a mass of about 23g. Sodium has been known since early occasions and was utilized by the individuals of Mesopotamia and Egypt to make glasses. Sodium is the 6th most regular component found on the earth, as a rule not found in nature yet more frequently in mixes, for example, salt (NaCl). Its normally found in mixes among dry lake beds, underground, and just as in ocean water in such places as: Belarus, China, France, Germany, India, Russia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and the United States. Sodium conducts warmth and power without any problem. Without this component life couldn't exist. Each compound is utilized for a specific explanation. About 2.8% of the earths outside layer contains this component making it the 6th generally regular in the earths hull. It is an amazingly synthetically dynamic component; whenever joined with water it will in general respond enthusiasti cally. For instance, since sodium is such a perilous component it must be maneuvered carefully and put away hermetically sealed importance without oxygen. Sodium was first removed into unadulterated structure in 1807 by an English physicist known as Sir Humphry Davy. At the point when it was first extricated into its unadulterated structure, he utilized the procedure of electrolysis where an electrical flow is gone through a liquid sodium compound, for example, sodium chloride. Numerous makers today despite everything use power to acquire sodium. Sodium is still exceptionally made for some modern and business employments. It has business utilizes just as mechanical employments. From cleansers to composts, sodium is utilized to make water conditioners, materials, and is likewise used to ease stomach corrosive, sodium bicarbonate: a white crystalline feebly basic salt NaHCO 3 utilized particularly in preparing 1 powders, fire dousers, and medication. Picture takers use sodium thiosulp hate: a hygroscopic crystalline salt Na 2 S 2 O 3 utilized particularly as a fixing specialist and a decreasing or dying operator to fix photographic pictures on paper. Sodium in its unadulterated structure likewise has mechanical uses, for example, in impetus, which help in making manufactured elastic. Sodium is joined with different metals to deliver titanium zirconium and numerous different synthetic substances. It is utilized in the assembling of tetraethyl lead and some force plants even use it in fluid structure to cool atomic reactors. Sodium fluoride is utilized to harm mice and cockroaches and furthermore for earthenware production. Sodium is additionally put to use as a manure, Chile salt pepper that is the compound sodium nitrate. Sodium is additionally an important component in the body for the support of ordinary liquid equalization and other mental capacities. Additionally, it is utilized in making fume lights. At last in the wake of exploring sodiums utilizes, we can reason that sodium is a flexible component. Sodium and Potassium mixes are exceptionally comparative, so they can be fill in for one another. Both are utilized in the business however generally sodium is utilized on the grounds that it is more affordable. This mystery was found in 1789 by a French physicist named Nicholas Leblanc, who was making pop (NaCO) with basic table salt. Sodium is incredibly helpful and significant and is utilized in numerous mixes. Some physical properties of sodium are softening point: 98 C, breaking point: 883 C, thickness: .97g/cm, nuclear range: 0.157nm and it is a strong. In a conductivity test, sodium chloride went out to a solid electrolyte in correlation with mercuric chloride arrangement which ended up being a frail electrolyte: an exacerbate that directs an electric flow in a fluid arrangement or in the liquid state. Sodium is delivered when liquid sodium chloride is electrolyzed. It is a soluble base metal produced for a huge scope. So as to caus e the metal sodium particles to must be diminished. Subsequent to looking into sodiums utilizes in regular day to day existence I arrived at the decision that sodium is a need and ought to be utilized cautiously. It is an economical and valuable component that ought not be messed with in light of the fact that it could cause a great deal harm to any person or thing. It tends to be utilized in different manners, so if sodium would not exist, life itself would be entirely unexpected. It is mind blowing that a component, for example, sodium can be perilous and simultaneously .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac , .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac .postImageUrl , .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac , .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac:hover , .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac:visited , .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac:active { border:0!important; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac:active , .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac .focused content region { width: 100%; position: r elative; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub2 7816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub27816c368e383fc19fc10e04f2f46ac:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The Journey that Shaped My Life Essay

Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough Innovative Opportunities at the Merage School of Business at UC-Irvine

Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough Innovative Opportunities at the Merage School of Business at UC-Irvine MBA applicants can get carried away with rankings. In this series, we profile amazing programs at business schools that are typically ranked outside the top 15. Thanks to its proximity to the Tech Coast, the Paul Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine, offers significant opportunities for students with an eye toward innovative business. “Whether it’s fashion, interactive entertainment, real estate, medical or biotech,” states the school’s site, “Orange County is where these industries flourish.” Indeed, an emphasis on innovation and business pioneering is built directly into what Merage calls its “visionary curriculum,” supplementing conventional business disciplines with three core, cross-disciplinary areas: Strategic Innovation, Information Technology and Analytic Decision Making. In addition, several of Merage’s special course offerings and programs showcase the schools commitment to putting students in contact with the rapidly shifting face of business. The recently inaugurated EDGE course, for example, which can be taken during students’ second year of study, offers a notable opportunity to gain cutting-edge insight into the relationship between business trends, globalization and technology. Similarly, through the school’s MBA Field Project, students have the opportunity to gain hands-on experience with current business practices by working directly with locally based global companies. Merage students can also participate each year in the university-wide Business Plan Competition, whose winner claims $15,000 in funding for his or her proposed start-up venture. Share ThisTweet Diamonds in the Rough Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough Innovative Opportunities at the Merage School of Business at UC-Irvine MBA applicants can get carried away with rankings. In this series, we profile amazing programs at business schools that are typically ranked outside the top 15. Thanks to its proximity to the Tech Coast, the Paul Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine, offers significant opportunities for students with an eye toward innovative business. “Whether it’s fashion, interactive entertainment, real estate, medical, or biotech,” states the school’s site, “Orange County is where these industries flourish.” Indeed, an emphasis on innovation and business pioneering is built directly into what Merage calls its “visionary curriculum,” supplementing conventional business disciplines with three core, cross-disciplinary areas: Strategic Innovation, Information Technology, and Analytic Decision Making. In addition, several of Merage’s special course offerings and programs showcase the schools commitment to putting students in contact with the rapidly shifting face of business. The EDGE course, for example, which can be taken during students’ second year of study, offers a notable opportunity to gain cutting-edge insight into the relationship between business trends, globalization, and technology. Similarly, through the school’s MBA Field Project, students have the opportunity to gain hands-on experience with current business practices by working directly with locally based global companies. Merage students can also participate each year in the university-wide Business Plan Competition, whose winner claims $15,000 in funding for his/her proposed start-up venture. Share ThisTweet Diamonds in the Rough

Cyber Criminals Cyber-Crime and Cyberstalking Essay

People want to feel safe. If someone owns a precious object it is stored in a safe hidden in their house. To further protect a house the front doors have handle locks and dead-bolts. To keep personal items safe items like wallet chains are used to stop criminals in their tracks. In the case of cars where they cannot always be watched, car alarms were made to protect from thieves. All of these systems are in place to keep people and their possessions safe. There is an area in people’s lives that is not heavily inspected for weaknesses, however. Computers offer criminals a wide range of crimes with smaller risk and no physical harm. These crimes have a huge impact on society because of the end results. Hackers can cause companies thousands†¦show more content†¦In a single year the U.S. government had 360 million attempts to hack their networks. Due to the hazard of losing government information, President Obama initiated a move against cyber-crime, and while it is a st art, there is more planned to the effort (James). Hacking has caused companies an untold amount of money. In 2000, a Denial-Of-Service attack was launched by a 15 year old under the name of Mafiaboy. A Denial-Of-Service attack prevents a website from functioning, making administrators and impedes all other users’ access to the service of the site. Affecting websites such as Amazon.com and Ebay.com, the overall harm done had an estimated 1.7 billion dollars in damage (James). Another occurrence includes a single successful attack on the government in 2006. Although it was never determined, it is alleged that the Chinese were responsible for the theft of data about a Joint Strike Fighter project. The information was valued at around 300 billion dollars, demonstrating how hacking can be a destructive weapon against companies or governments (James). While not as devastating as hacking, cyber-stalking is a common problem society faces. Stalking is known as intentionally following someone without their knowledge. In the cyber-world , however, stalking consists of digging into personal information or harassment without being face to face. Because of the internet, the most concerning aspect of cyber stalking is how anyone can be a stalker (Cyber Stalking).Show MoreRelatedIs Cybercrime A Type Of Crime That Is Committed Over The Internet?1206 Words   |  5 Pageslives in this era; it allows individuals to stay in touch, find information, and even make a living through online businesses. When there are positive points, there are bound to be some negative ones, and that is Cybercrime. Cybercrime is a type of crime that is committed over the Internet using computers and networks; also known as Hacking. Cybercrimes are a major issue individual face in today s society; this is because the number of people using the Internet has grown rapidly over the last decadeRead MoreThe New Emerging Crime : Cyberstalking Or Tech Enhanced Stalking1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe new emerging crime known as cyberstalking or tech enha nced stalking is sweeping the twenty-first century. The term cyberstalking is any form of unwanted communication across the Internet including texting and social media. The fact is that the problem of cyberstalking is rapidly growing in this technology dependent society. The problem with cyberstalking is the lack of international law against cyberstalking making it hard to convict or even charge offenders with these crimes. Additionally isRead MoreCyber Crime: Preventing the Horrific Crimes on the Inernet1649 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Crime: Preventing the Horrific Crimes on the Internet Cyber Crime, including fraud, identity theft, stalking, and hacking is a growing problem which can be prevented by taking the proper precautions. I. Background II. Cyber fraud A. Fraud sites 1. Free trials sites 2. Craigslist B. Preventing fraud 1. Personal information 2. Credit cards III. Identity theft A. Identity theft sites 1. Stealing information 2. Craigslist B. Preventing Identity theft 1. Who to giveRead MoreShould Government Implement Laws For Cyber Crime?977 Words   |  4 PagesGovernment implement laws to prevent cyber crime† Today is the era of technology and globalisation, as it connects the whole world together but also opens new ways to crime. Cyber crime is the result of negative use of technology. Cyber crime refers to a crime which is committed through internet or computer. Cyber crime is of differenr types like stealing of money or information, piracy, electronic vendalism that is destroying or changing the electronic information. Cyber terrorism which threatens not onlyRead MoreThe s Office Of Justice Program1481 Words   |  6 Pagescode in place to protect the populous and compare it to that of the state statutes of Illinois -- my home state. Thesis Cyber stalking and harassment is a serious, unlawful activity by the federal government, all 50 states and U.S. territories. Although the definition of stalking differs between the federal and state jurisdictions, all have created criminal law to address cyber stalking and harassment. According to the DOJ report, state laws do vary in regards to the element of victim fear and emotionalRead MoreCybercrime And Its Effects On Society1239 Words   |  5 Pagesof cybercrime and its effects on society when compared to several years ago. Moreover, it focuses on the changes that have been made to fight the rise of cybercrimes. With the advances in technology allowing society to stay interconnected online, criminals, both who is not an expert and experienced, have taken advantage of growing opportunities. By taking into consideration the dangers on this issue, it is important to take action and provide solutions that change the current situation. This paperRead MoreCyber Threat, Its Scope An d Its Impact On National Security991 Words   |  4 Pagesideal source for cyber criminals to remain active while preying on victims. Higher the number of cyberspace users’, higher is the opportunities for exploitation. So it is the need of the hour to protect our computers, networks, digital applications and our data from unintended or unauthorized source, change or destruction. This paper proposes a policy directed examination on cyber threat, its scope and its impact on national security. It includes a profile of cooperation among criminals, terrorists andRead MoreThe Eternal Effects of Cyber Bullying1196 Words   |  5 Pagesintimidation factors by pint size tormentors. The digital age is clearly revolutionary, it defines a lifestyle and culture in todays world that also lends itself to advancements such as cyber bullying, allowing predators of all ages to interrupt what should be the safe haven in life; home. The eternal effects of cyber bullying on the victim and their families is potentially fatal as pointed out in the May 2013, Journal of Youth and Adolescence article by, published authors and psychology graduate’sRead MoreEssay on Introduction to Computer Crime2441 Words   |  10 PagesWith that, criminals are moving on to using computers for their criminal activities and thus computer crimes are born. Every now and then we will hear news of companies getting hacked, government websites being defaced, customers’ information being leaked out and other various computer crimes all over the world. This report aims to introduce the various types of computer crimes and what impact does computer crimes bring to the society. The report will also talk about how such computer crimes are prevailingRead MoreCybercrime : A Victim Of Cybercrime1348 Words   |  6 PagesCybercrime (Computer Crime) is defined as the use of a computer to commit crimes such as fraud, trafficking in child pornography, intellectual property, stealing Identities, or violating the privacy of others (Britannica). Cybercrime and Homeland Security Cybercrime is important to homeland security because it helps to protect the United States against federal attacks. The Secret Service Electronic Crimes Task Force focuses on identifying and locating international criminals. The United States

The Four Mythical Elements Of Whale Rider - 1456 Words

Many voyages that heroin’s encounter are regularly identified with the four mythical functions. In the film, Whale Rider, through mythical creation powers, the hero endeavors to save her dying culture. The creation myths power permits the courageous woman, Pai, to find her actual calling as a real leader of the Maori tribe. By utilizing the myths, she dynamically finds her legend s adventure by breaking down the images throughout her life. According to Campbell as discussed in Indick article, this model â€Å"The Monomyth† has different functions as he clarifies the sociological, mysterious, cosmological, and mental elements of myth (pg, 2). Campbell depicts the vital capacities including myths as legendary or traditional story, typically†¦show more content†¦For the kid who might be the chief (Whale). Paikea turns out to be strongly fascinated on this legend because of the way that she is the latest of the bloodline descendant, which implies she is prepared to make every one of the basic decisions of being a chief other than the reality of being female. The youthful heroic girl refers to the legend when contrasting with herself as an approach to empower her rising as the current bloodline descendant. She keeps on participating in the myth all through the movie with a specific end goal to express her enthusiasm for her way of life (William, 3). Similarly, William in page three explains that Campbell clarifies cosmological capacities as stories enable the person to decide his/her place in the universe. The stellar capacity applies for the Whale Rider because of the principle character growing up being recounted of their legend of how the Maori tribe traveled to the territory they are acclimated to now. Pai characterizes herself alongside her family history; she expresses â€Å"a long time ago, my ancestor Paikea came to this place on the back of a whale. Since then, in every generation of my family, the firstborn son has carried his name and become the leader of our tribe... until now,† (Whale). She continually alludes back to the legend of her predecessor, Paikea, as a path for her to get the idea she is fit to do likewise. Like her predecessor, Paikea could spare the way of life which is the thing that Pai isShow MoreRelatedBorrowings from Russian in English7420 Words   |  30 PagesAnglo-Saxon cnotta, English kno t) A whip formerly used as an instrument of punishment in Russia; the punishment inflicted by the knout. Kopeck (Russian: Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¿Ã µÃŒ Ã ¹Ã ºÃ °, [kÉ Ã‹Ë†pÊ ²ejkÉ™]; derives from the Russian (Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¿Ã'Å'Ã'‘ [kÉ Ã‹Ë†pÊ ²jo] spear) a reference to the image of a rider with a spear on the coins minted by Moscow after the capture of Novgorod in 1478) A Russian currency, a subunit of Ruble, 100 kopecks is equal to 1 ruble. Kremlin (Russian: КÃ'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã »Ã'Å' [krÊ ²Ã‰â€ºmlÊ ²]) (Russian for fortress, citadel or castle) A citadel

The Nutrition Improvement Of Childhood Obesity And China,...

Considering the increasing dilemma that is childhood obesity in China, calls for quick and effective interventions. According to He et al. (2014) limiting the availability of the obesogenic foods, raising the taxes of the fast foods, and increasing awareness in children should be considered as possible options. Other articles like Zhang et al. (2015) explained that interventions should focus on taking measures to improve dietary patterns in children’s lives. The Chinese government has decided to take action and started by changing policies and creating programs that can tackle this disease. In the Nutrition Improvement Work manager approach approved by the Chinese government, nutrition interventions include nutrition education, and guidance (Huijun Fengying, 2013). In 2009, National fitness model regulations increased the physical activity in the country (Huijun Fengying, 2013). Government programs like these also include some kind of education activities for children. Alt hough education plays a huge role in reducing obesity it is also important to consider one intervention will not change much. This paper will focus on two interventions that have had an impact on obesity in Chinese children, nutrition education and physical activity increments. EDUCATION INTERVENTION Education for many years has allowed populations to understand difficult concepts in health. According Kong, Liu, and Tao’s (2015) article on the limitation of a study on obesity educationShow MoreRelatedpreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pages978-8011-1708-4 Ordering Information Copies of this publication are available for sale from the California Department of Education. For prices and ordering information, please visit the Department Web site at http://www.cde.ca.gov/ re/pn or call the CDE Press Sales Office at 1-800-995-4099. An illustrated Educational Resource Catalog describing publications, videos, and other instructional media available from the Department can be obtained without charge by writing to the CDE Press SalesRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesdistributing the Ministry’s albums to shoppers around the UK. The Ministry’s distinctive logo had become the basis for a large merchandising business, mostly for clothing. By 2001, the Ministry’s touring division was hosting 300 events worldwide, including China and India, and had regular summer 2 3 The Ministry of Sound was aiming for a stock market listing within a couple of years. Then things started to go wrong. The dance music on which the Ministry was based was going out of fashion. Dance music (including

Cell - The Basic Structural and Functional Unit of Human Body

Questions: Analyse the human body in terms of organ systems, organs, tissues and cells?. Discuss the morphology and microanatomy of cells in connective and muscle tissues?. Analyse the functions of the skeletal system including the main type of joints and the role of connective tissues?. Analyse development of the skeleton?. Discuss relationships between structures of bones and their functions?. Analyse structure and function in a range of joints?. Discuss how muscular forces are transmitted by the skeletal system?. Explain the types of muscle cells, the contractile response, innervation of muscle and their component muscle cells?. Analyse the structure of typical muscles?. Answer: The organ Systems, Organs, Tissues, and Cells: The human body is made up of cells. Cells are the structural unit of life. Cells with specific structure and function make tissues. Each kind of cells helps in making a particular tissue. Epithelial tissue helps in protection of the body by skin. It is present in inner surfaces of the body example stomach, lungs and protects it from injury and infection. Connective tissue supports the body. Constituents of connective tissue are bones, cartilages, and fatty tissues. Characteristic stretchability is an important feature of this tissue. Nerve tissueforms the information network of the body. They are called ganglia. Nerve cells have long branching dendrites which enable to pass impulses with one another. Muscle tissues they help form the structural unit of the body. Three types of muscle are present in the body. Voluntary muscle which can be moved by will, Involuntary or smooth muscles which cannot be moved by will of human and cardiac muscles helps the pumping action of the heart muscle (Carson et al 2015). Organs are composed of a group of tissues functioning in a similar way. Tissues are present in everywhere, hair, nerve, blood, skin. An organ system comprises of functioning organs in a regular rhythm. Morphology and Microanatomy of Cells in Connective and Muscle Tissues Morphology Cells of connective tissue are arranged in a row, and they are embedded in the matrix of fibers. Collagen and elastin are present in the outer periphery of the cells. The fibers are usually present in parallel arrangement. Microanatomy Cells found in connective tissues include Fibroblasts- these make collagenous tissue fibers which have great flexibility and tensile strength. Macrophages monocytes are also present that helps to get rid of debris of dead cells. Constituents include collagen fibers and reticular fibers. Microfibril and elastic fibers. Ground substances are made up of proteoglycans (Carson et al 2015). Morphology Skeletal Muscles- these are elongated or tubular with multiple nuclei present on the periphery. They are striated that is they have alternating light and dark band pattern. Cardiac Muscle- they are comparatively short in length. They are often branched and striated. These muscles can either be mononucleated or binucleated. The position of the nuclei is central most of the time. They contain intercalated disc. Smooth muscles- these are spindle-shaped wide in the middle and tapered to narrow at both ends. They contain a centrally located nucleus. No visible striation are present. Proteins present are same as that of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Microanatomy- Epimysium is a connective tissue which forms a protective layer around skeletal muscles. They anchor the muscles tissues to the tendons. It also protects muscles from friction. Myocytes are cells encased within the endomysium. The cells of muscle contain myofibrils, which are complex strands of protein filaments bound together to form Sarcomeres. Regular patterns of sarcomeres form the striated appearance. Sarcomere is composed of actin and myosin protein (Ofli et al 2014). Functions of Joints and Role of Connective Tissue: The skeletal system is made of 206 bones providing four basic functions Support, Protection, Movement, storage of minerals and blood cells production by bone marrow. The skeletal system is made of bones, cartilages, joints and ligaments, muscles. There are two types of bones Compact bones and Spongy bones. Bones can be of different sizes long, short, flat, irregular. Bone cells include Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts. (Kemp et al 2013). Joints are the place where two bones come together. Joints can be Fibrous immovable but do not help in any kinds of movement. For example skull and pelvis. Cartilaginous- this joint is slightly movable and cartilages join the bones. Present in spine and ribs. Synovial- they are freely movable joint that facilitates more movement than the cartilaginous joints. Synovial fluid lubricates and protects the bones. Synovial joints can be of types- Plane joint Pivot joint, Condyloid joint. They help in the movement of the body; they act as lever and provide structural support along with the muscles. Gliding joints are ones present in carpals or on surfaces where the bones meet flat surfaces; they allow bones to glide past each other in any direction. Hinge joints are present in knees, elbows. They limit the movements in one direction. They gain strength from surrounding connective tissues ligaments and muscles. Saddle joints found in the metacarpal, trapezium bone. The bones can move along two axes. Ball and Socket joints are located in shoulders and hips. They provide full circle movement. They are very prone to dislocation (Kemp et al 2013). The connective tissues primarily function to connect the muscles to bones and to connect joints together. Tendons connect muscle to bone. They are an extension of muscle fibers. They are more elastic than ligaments. Ligaments- connect bones to bones. They contain collagen and elastin which provides them flexibility. They allow some limited joint movement. Cartilages- are firm, elastic and flexible. They are white in colour. They are found in nose, ears, ribs. They act as shock absorber. Its function also includes acting as a lubricant in some joint. It has no blood supply, unlike tendons and ligaments. Diffusion method helps to obtain nutrients and oxygen (Nishida et al 2016). Development of the Skeleton: The skeletal system begins to develop from the third week of conception. It forms notochord-which differentiate into the brain, spinal cord, and spine. By the end of the fifth week, a tail-like structure called coccyx is seen, the lowermost point of the spinal cord. The newborn baby has about 300 bones during birth, which reduces to 206 when some of the bones fuse. Bone formation is called Ossification. Ossification begins in the third month of fetal life. It completes in late adolescence. Two separate processes are required for Compact bones- which is 80% of the skeleton. The Cancellous bones- that includes skull parts, shoulder parts, and ends of long bones. Compact bones start as cartilages, then forms bones. This process is called endochondral ossification. Skull bones begin as fibrous membranes made up of collagen and blood vessels. Osteoid secreted by osteoblasts and forms networks of sponge-like bony elements called trabeculae. This process is inter-membranous ossification (Sc hilder 2013). Relationships between Structures of Bones and their Functions: Two bone structures seen in the human body are the Axial skeleton- that forms the skull, vertebral column, ribs and rib cage. These features as a support system or protects organs. The appendicular skeleton is of various sizes present in the upper and lower limbs. They form the girdles of shoulder and hip. One of its functions is to attach girdles to axial bones. This type of bones facilitates locomotion. From the pisiform bone of the wrist to the femur in the leg. Each bone have a different shape to fulfill a particular need of the body. Long bones- hollow elongated present in the fingers, limbs, ankles, and wrist. They function as support providing structure. Short bones- cube-shaped present in wrist and ankle. Flat bones- thin flattened and sometimes curved, present in the sternum, shoulder blades, ribs and skull. Irregular bones do not have a fixed shape, forms complicated structure like vertebrae and hipbones. Helps to protect and facilitates movement (Schilder 2013). Structure and Function in a Range of Joints: Joints are made when two ones meet. The joints make the skeleton flexible and allow movement. Joints are classified according to their structure, Hinge joint- one direction movement, Pivot joint-rotating and twisting and Ball and socket joints- allows greatest freedom of movement are present in the body and allows movement (Xia et al 2012). Mechanism of muscles as aLever: Skeletal muscles and bones act together to form a system that represents a lever that enables the movement. The muscle contracts which provides the effort. This effort then applied to the muscle attached to the bone. The bone and the overlying tissues represent the load which is then moved with the help of the lever. The skeleton overall has a series of muscle which contracts during movement. This movement provides the energy or the pull push effect which acts on the bones and move them. Just like a lever, the muscle allows effort given to take up load, if this load is situated close to the fulcrum and effort given away from the fulcrum, then the load can be moved with less effort. Such a lever is called Mechancal Advantage. The muscle acts on this theory. They are also called power lever. There are three classes of levers based on this position of effort with respect to the fulcrum. They are First-class lever- where the effort is applied to one end of the lever and the load is at t he other end. The muscles working as first-clas lever are present when the head is lifted off the chest. Some of these muscle are working at a Mechanical Advantage but some like the triceps of arms extending outwards against a resistance works at a Mechanical disadvantage. The Second-class lever- where the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the fulcrum is at the other side of the lever. The load is situated in between the two. Muscles in body working according to this class of lever work at a mechanical advantage. Example is standing on tiptoes. The muscles of this kind is rare in the body but these muscle have greater strength but not speed. Third-class lever- the levers of this kind have the effort applied in between the fulcrum and load. Most skeletal muscles in the body acts according to this class of lever system. Example: the bicep muscles in the arm, when the hand carries a load (Toedebusch et al 2015). This lever system allows muscles to be inserted close to the joints. The movement occurs across this joints, rapid and extensive movements like throwing a ball is done by contraction of the muscles. Muscles working according to third class of lever are thicker and powerful (Toedebusch et al 2015). Muscle Cells, Responses, and Components: Skeletal muscle- One muscle to move the bone in one direction and vice versa. Muscles contraction is normally voluntary. They can perform short, single contraction celled twitch or long contractions, tetanus. Will of the person acts as impulses from the nerves that makes the muscles move. Smooth muscle- found in the digestive system, blood vessels, airways, gastrointestinal tract, and uterus. They have the ability to stretch and maintain tension. Its contraction is involuntary. The nervous system controls the muscles like swallowing, breathing. Cardiac muscle- found in heart, endurance and consistency are the characteristics of this muscle. Stretching is limited. The nerve impulses from the brain, lungs and heart together form the message that helps the heart pump. Contractions are involuntary (Toedebusch et al 2015). The structure of typical Muscles: A muscle fiber is made up of hundreds of filamentous structure called myofibrils. Each of these myofibrils has bundles of filamentous myofilaments. They can be either thick or thin. Thicker myofilaments are composed of myosin while thinner ones consist of actin protein. Many myofilaments forms sarcomeres, thick myofilaments are attached to the center while thin myofilaments are present in the ends of sarcomere to the center. This creates a crisscross structure and form muscle. Muscle fibers are soft and fragile, but they can endure tremendous pressure. Each myofibril has a connective tissue sheath for protection. A fascicle is a term given to a numerous myofibril sheathed with thick connective tissue. Many fascicles bundled together by an even tougher coat of connective tissue forms the muscle (Xia et al 2012). Reference: Carson, J.A., Hardee, J.P. and VanderVeen, B.N., 2015, December. The emerging role of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism as a biological target and cellular regulator of cancer-induced muscle wasting. In Seminars in cell developmental biology. Academic Press. Cohen, B.J., 2015. Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body, SC. Cronin, N.J., Avela, J., Finni, T. and Peltonen, J., 2013. Differences in contractile behaviour between the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles during human walking. The Journal of experimental biology, 216(5), pp.909-914. Jalal, A., Sarif, N., Kim, J.T. and Kim, T.S., 2013. Human activity recognition via recognized body parts of human depth silhouettes for residents monitoring services at smart home. 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